IAPP and Hyperinsulinemia: Several stimuli have been linked to ER stress-induced apoptosis including hyperglycaemia, exposure to long-chain free fatty acids (e.g., palmitate) [79–81], hyperinsulinemia occurring in the prediabetic stage [82], glucose deprivation [83], islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) expression [84], and exposure to inflammatory cytokine [85].