In order to address if DNA damage associated cellular markers possess any correlation with the risk for invasive breast cancer, we investigated 3 cohorts of women: i) women with histologically normal breast tissue (group A, n = 50), ii) women with histological changes of increased risk (LCIS, ADH, ALH) (group B, n = 54) but without a personal history of breast cancer and iii) women with DCIS (group C, n = 46) (Table 1). Here, AVP is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.