IGF1R and cancer: The activated IGF-1R binds to adaptor molecules such as insulin receptor substrates(IRSs) and Shc and then triggers multiple downstream signaling cascades, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathways, which regulate oncogenic transformation, growth and survival of cancer cells[8,9].