Several PKC isozymes are expressed in cardiomyocytes and regulate cardiac responses.16 Overexpression of PKCα in cultured cardiomyocytes induces hypertrophy.17 On the other hand, loss of PKCα prevents the transition from cardiac hypertrophy to cardiac failure.18 In addition, overexpression of PKCβ1 leads to cardiac hypertrophy and sudden death.19 Thus, hyperactivation or overexpression of PKCα or PKCβ1 is an inducible factor for cardiac hypertrophy and failure. This evidence concerns the gene PRKCA and heart failure.