TNF and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Vitamin D3 by bonding to VDR inhibits the production of the interleukins (IL) 1, 2, 6 and 12, interferon (IFN) γ, and tumor necrosis factors (TNF) α and β.47 These cytokines play effective roles in the development of T helper (Th) 1 cells, which are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases.48 Some studies show that administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 completely prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), that is one of the most useful models of MS.20