The genes for sex-determining region Y-box 1 (SOX1) and paired box gene 1 (PAX1) have been reported as potential methylation biomarkers and studies have demonstrated their promise in the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasms (CIN) grade 3 and worse lesions (CIN3+) 28,35. This evidence concerns the gene PAX1 and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.