We have previously shown that HSP27 increases human PCa cell invasion in human PCa cells, that this is mediated by upstream serial signaling through, MKK4 (MEK4), p38 MAPK and then MAPKAPK2, and that HSP27-mediated increases in invasion are dependent upon phosphorylation of HSP27 [11, 12]. Here, MAP2K4 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.