Conversely, single IFN-γ-secreting CD4 and CD8 T cells typically predominate in acute infections (when Ag load is high), and in chronic infection characterized by the failure of immune control: in the case of HIV-1 infection, in fact, the response is dominated by HIV-1-specific-CD4 and -CD8 T cells that are able to produce only IFN-γ in both the primary and chronic phases of infection. Here, CD4 is linked to HIV-1 infection.