TNF and tuberculosis: Earlier studies in human TB have investigated on the role of polyfunctional T cells able to produce IFN-γ in combination with IL-2 (75, 83–86), and later on, a subset of cells able to simultaneously produce IFN-γ, TNF-α, and/or IL-2 was detected in patient with active TB disease compared to latently infected individuals (87–90), whose frequency decreased after anti-TB treatment.