TNF and autism: One study reported elevations in proinflammatory cytokines (including TNF-alpha, IL-6 and GM-CSF), a Th1 cytokine (IFN-gamma) and a chemokine (IL-8) measured in postmortem frontal cortex brain samples from 8 individuals with autism compared to 8 controls, but no significant differences in Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10) (Li et al., 2009).