Of note, preclinical studies have shown that concomitant ID tends to blunt the hepcidin response to pro-inflammatory cytokines (Theurl et al., 2009; Darshan et al., 2010), suggesting the possibility to distinguish in the individual anemic patient the presence of IDA or mixed IDA/ACD (both with low to undetectable hepcidin levels) from ACD alone (with high hepcidin levels). Here, HAMP is linked to granular corneal dystrophy type II.