Interestingly, Olivecrona and Koskinen found in 2012 that traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients with the APOE ε 4 allele exhibited significantly higher maximal levels of the S-100B protein than those without the allele suggesting that there is a genetic susceptibility to increased levels of S-100B following a neurologic insult (TBI in this case) (Olivecrona and Koskinen, 2012). The gene discussed is S100B; the disease is brain injury.