NF1 and neoplasm: Further, a number of other proteins related to growth factor signaling including Neurofibromin 1 (NF1), Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 and 2 (TSC1/2), and fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) are associated with ASD and other co-morbidities such as epilepsy, mental retardation, and tumor formation (Kelleher and Bear, 2008; Bourgeron, 2009).