APC and urinary bladder carcinoma: In bladder cancer, expression and function of a number of TSGs including PTCH, TSC1, RB1, PTEN, p53, DAPK, FHIT, CDH1, CDKN2B, CDKN2A, APC, RASSF1A and MGMT are known to be impacted either by physical changes in the sequence of DNA or by un-programmed DNA methylation (Cairns 2007; Knowles 2007).