ICOSLG and hepatic granuloma: Using ICOSL KO mice, in which the generation of Tfh cells has been proven to be defective, we demonstrated for the first time that Tfh cells participate in the formation of hepatic granuloma in mice infected with S. japonicum, although we still can not fully rule out the possibility that ICOSL also plays a possible role in the generation of the other effector cells and impacts the formation of hepatic granuloma.