Although the significant differences of Th1 and Treg cells in spleen and/or lymph nodes between ICOS KO mice and their WT controls were observed before infection, both Th1 and Treg cells, which were reported to downregulate hepatic granuloma formation [5], [7], were less in infected ICOSL KO mice livers (Figures S3C and S3D). The gene discussed is ICOS; the disease is infection.