The main signaling pathways include PTEN/Akt, MAPK, MDR1, RhoA, FOXO3 and PDCD4 pathway, which play vital roles in regulating tumor cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, etc. Notably, except miR-183 and miR-195, all other miRNAs are chemoresistance- related. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD4 and neoplasm.