FMO5 and heart failure: Chronic exercise attenuates the RAS vasoconstrictor axis, the pro-inflammatory profile and ROS content in the PVN in hypertensive [21], [22] and heart failure rats [9] and rabbits [23], but our data is the first to examine time-course changes that reveal normalized expression of NADPH oxidase subunits, restored ROS production, decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, reduced NF-κB activation and a normalized pro-inflammatory profile in the PVN within 2 weeks of training and maintenance of these values through the end of the protocol.