TGFB1 and colitis: In this study, increased Treg cells as well as the higher level of their secreted IL-10/TGF-β, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines including Th1 and Th17, were observed in DSS-induced colitis mice treated with T. spiralis AES, further suggesting the immunomodulatory effects of T. spiralis AES and its pharmaceutical potential for the treatment of autoimmune or allergic diseases.