While Salmonella-induced pathology was blunted by co-infection, other pathologic changes induced by P. yoelii, including perivascular inflammation, hepatomegaly and induction of Tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnfa) remained intact, or were increased by co-infection, compared to infection with S. Typhimurium alone (Fig. 2 and Fig. S3 in Text S1). Here, TNF is linked to infection.