Therefore, our data indicate that neither TNF/IL-4, TNF/IL-13, nor TNF alone induce cell surface IL13Rα2 up-regulation on glioma cells (or at significant levels on monocytes), and therefore that these cytokine treatments are not a viable strategy for expanding the targetability of IL13Rα2 by immunotherapy. Here, IL13RA2 is linked to central nervous system cancer.