Notably, TEX have been implicated in inhibiting functions of immune cells either by inducing apoptosis of CD8+ anti-tumor effector cells (20, 21), down-regulating signaling in T and NK cells (22), inhibiting cytotoxicity (4, 23), or up-regulating functions of suppressor cells, Treg, and/or MDSC (24–26). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.