Comparisons between transcriptomes and proteomes in muscle tissues and activated CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes (T-cells) analyzed using Affymetrix microarrays and mass spectrometry, from type 2 diabetes (T2DM) subjects and matched non-diabetic controls, demonstrated reduced gene expression for insulin receptor (INSR), VDR, insulin degrading enzyme, Akt, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), IRS-2, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and enzymes of the glycolytic pathway in the T2DM subjects compared controls. Here, VDR is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.