Similarly, when challenged with pathogens or PMA, neutrophils isolated from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited disorder in which subunits of NADPH oxidase are either absent or dysfunctional (Seger, 2008), fail to generate NETs (Fuchs et al., 2007; Bianchi et al., 2009; Nishinaka et al., 2011). The gene discussed is FMO5; the disease is chronic granulomatous disease.