SERPINA1 and hepatitis C virus infection: One study is a case-report describing a hepatitis C liver transplant patient who developed cyclosporine induced renal failure necessitating dialysis 11 years after transplant; a second study describes a patient with alpha-1 antitrypsin related cirrhosis and end stage renal disease from membranous nephropathy; and a third study describes a patient with hepatitis B and C cirrhosis status after failed transplant for portal vein thrombosis with end stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis [19–21].