Shirotake et al. showed that both high monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and high macrophage infiltration in prostate cancer specimens correlate with a high prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence rate and that AT1R blockade (ARB) inhibits MCP-1 expression through the PI3K/Akt pathway and blocks macrophage infiltration in castration-resistant prostate cancer [96]. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and prostate carcinoma.