It has been shown that cancer cells shape their interaction with macrophages by escaping phagocytosis and by promoting an M2-like polarization throughout chemokines and polarizing cytokines including chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), macrophage slowing factor (MSF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-10, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Here, TNF is linked to cancer.