TNF and diabetic neuropathy: To summarize the above sections, the symptoms that typify peripheral neuropathy are numbness, reduced proprioception, weakness, poor balance and, in particular, allodynia and hyperalgesia,; the mechanisms that underlie those symptoms may include: hyperglycemia and AGEs (diabetic neuropathy), GSK-3 and glial activation, and elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6.