ACKR3 and glioblastoma: In cells expressing solely CXCR7, stimulation by CXCL12 or CXCL11 results in the phosphorylation of the kinases Erk (extracellular-signal regulated kinases (p42/p44)) and Akt, for example, in human leukocytes, vascular smooth muscle, rat glial, or human glioblastoma cells (Balabanian et al. 2005; Rajagopal et al. 2010; Hattermann et al. 2010; Ödemis et al. 2012).