MAP3K3 and cerebral cavernous malformation: Mutations in these CCM loci (e.g. frameshift, nonsense, splice-site, missense, and multi-exon deletions) cause loss of function of these proteins and result in CCM.8–13 The genes for CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3 encode Krit1 (krev interaction trapped 1), OSM (osmosensing scaffold for MEKK3) or malcaverin, and PDCD10 (programmed cell death 10), respectively.