Evidence of inflammatory cytokine involvement in preterm white matter injury was reported by Kadhim and colleagues, who showed increased proinflammatory cytokine expression (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) in the white matter of preterm PVL brains [33], [34]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is periventricular leukomalacia.