Hyperglycemia might, therefore, contribute to the peripheral neuropathy; however, our results suggest a limited contribution of hyperglycemia in the development of neuropathy, whereas dysregulation of insulin signaling, associated with other parameters such as dyslipidemia or low plasma adiponectin levels, might contribute to diabetic and pre-diabetic peripheral and central neuropathy, respectively. This evidence concerns the gene INS and peripheral neuropathy.