AKT1 and melanoma: For example, repeated dermal application of tBHQ leads to depigmentation in black guinea pigs [15]; treatment of B16 melanoma cells with sulforaphane inhibits melanogenesis and TYR expression by affecting the phosphorylation of MAP kinases [16]; and curcumin inhibits α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-stimulated melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells through the activation of MEK/ERK or PI3K/Akt [17].