Using real-time PCR, we found that the expression of downstream transcriptional targets of the β-catenin/TCF signaling pathway that are known to be elevated in colorectal adenoma and carcinomas, such as AXIN2, NKD1, and IRS1, were not decreased by RAP treatment in the HCECs (Figure 7B–7D). The gene discussed is IRS1; the disease is colorectal adenoma.