In addition to observing TLS within NSCLC and detecting CCL19, CCL21, CXCL13, CCL17, CCL22 and IL-16 expression, T cells within TLS were found to express significantly higher levels of the receptors for these TLS-associated cytokines/chemokines suggesting recruitment of the T cells to the tumor and formation of an active, functional germinal center [87]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL13 and neoplasm.