Similarly, metformin, an agent already in use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, has been shown to reduce the incidence of cancer, in part through AMPK-dependent inhibition of mTOR (thus cell growth) and AMPK-independent cell cycle arrest [112], but also in part through decreased levels of insulin and insulin resistance (reviewed in [113,114,115]). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.