Pharmacologic agents targeting the insulin/IGF-1 axis—both neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against IGF-1/IGF-1R and tyrosine kinase inhibitors which target the insulin receptor and IGF-1R—have been developed to treat cancer, but in clinical trials to evaluate these agents, a common side effect was hyperglycemia due to inhibition of insulin signaling [111]. Here, IGF1R is linked to cancer.