IL1B and epilepsy: In patients with epilepsy, CBZ, VPA and phenytoin were reported to lead to elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, and TNF-α [40, 41]. In vitro, however, CBZ, VPA, and phenobarbital (PB) were reported to inhibit the production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α [40–42].