When given intravenously at 12.5 mg/kg in male Sprague Dawley rats before the onset of ischemia, tramadol has been shown to have a myocardial protective function against 6 hours of ischemia caused by permanent coronary occlusion, and reduces infarct size by inhibiting NF-kB activation [16]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and ischemia.