TNF and Autoimmunity: Suggested mechanisms mediating primary demyelination in CDV leukoencephalitis include virus-induced damage of oligodendrocytes [19], [23], bystander damage due to activated microglia/macrophages releasing myelinotoxic reactive oxygen species and proteolytic enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases [24], [25], [26], activated astrocytes and microglia/macrophages releasing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) [27], and humoral and cell-mediated autoimmunity [28], [29], [30], [31].