TNF and infection: Moreover, fenofibrate treatment significantly reduced mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, the phagocyte oxidase subunit p47 (PHOX-p47), IL-12p35, IL-12p40, and IL-23p19, as well as expression of key T helper (Th) 17 and Th1 cell cytokines IL-17 and IFN-γ in spleens of Salmonella-infected mice on day 3 after initiation of infection (Fig 1H).