TNF and colitis: This observation was confirmed in another model of “sterile” inflammation by investigating the effects of fibrates in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis: We found that fibrates neither affected disease severity of DSS-colitis as reflected by loss of body weight and alterations of colon length (Supplementary Fig S13A and B), nor colonic expression of pro-inflammatory genes including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, nor did they significantly alter tissue damage as quantified by a histological colitis scoring system as compared to mice receiving a control diet (Supplementary Fig S13C–F).