BRCA1 and breast cancer: Many reports associate the risk of tumorgenesis with alterations in the HR pathway.[10–12] Aberrations in MDC1 and MRE11 have been strongly linked to breast carcinogenesis [13, 14] and also reported in other cancers.[15–17] Mutations and loss of ATM can contribute to lymphoid malignancies [18] and familial breast and ovarian cancers.[19, 20] Hypomorphic mutations of ATR have been linked to BC and OC development,[21] and mutation and loss of the BRCA1 gene is widely reported to increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer.[22, 23]