Despite the study's limitations, such as the absence of any control conditions (e.g., the use of hyperosmolar solutions since diatrizoate is a high-osmolar RCM) in assessing the role of hypertonicity in CIN pathogenesis and their choice of cells that did not include an adult human proximal tubule cell line (such as HK-2 cells), the work provided new evidence that iodinated contrast media, with the exception of iohexol (a nonionic LOCM), could activate the JNK/ATF-2 signaling pathways. Here, ATF2 is linked to cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.