Both are strongly upregulated in chronic dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure [30], serving as upstream inducers of a large variety of proinflammatory molecules including ICAM-1, chemokines, TNFα, interleukins, HSPs, interferon-γ (IFNγ), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) [21, 28, 31]. Here, NOS2 is linked to heart failure.