This suggested to us that (a) the high levels of WNV in brain homogenates could be due to infected cells in the intravascular space that were not removed despite extensive perfusion; and/or (b) although CD11c Cre+Ifnarf/f, LysM Cre+Ifnarf/f and Ifnar−/− mice rapidly succumbed to WNV, it might not be due to infection in the brain. Here, ITGAX is linked to infection.