NLRP3 and malaria: The expression of several PRRs including Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 was increased after malaria relative to baseline (Figure 1A), consistent with recent in vivo exposure to P. falciparum PAMPs such as GPI anchors [33], hemozoin [34], CpG-containing DNA motifs bound to hemozoin [35] and AT-rich DNA motifs [36], but of note, NLRP3, a putative receptor for P. falciparum hemozoin-induced IL-1β production [37], was the only PRR to be downregulated after malaria relative to homeostasis (Figure 1A).