IL1B and malaria: We found that P. falciparum-inducible production of IL-1β and IL-6 by monocytes/macrophages was lower after the resolution of febrile malaria relative to that induced at baseline (P = 0.0066 and P = 0.0003 for IL-1β and IL-6 respectively; Figure 2B), consistent with a reduced risk of fever in children who are exposed to ongoing P. falciparum transmission during the malaria season.