Likewise, low levels of ILKAP may reduce apoptosis induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) and the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as reduce the formation of complexes with RSK2 (Ribosomal protein S6 kinase-2) in the nucleus and consequently enhance the expression of Cyclin D1 (a RSK2 downstream substrate), which ultimately promotes tumor cell survival and proliferation [36]. This evidence concerns the gene CCND1 and neoplasm.