TNF and cancer: A variety of protumorigenic pathways (hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α), Wnt/β-catenin, and TNF-α/NFκB) can synergize to induce NT5E/CD73 expression in malignant cells enhancing paracrine/autocrine interactions with malignant colonic, hematopoietic, and nonhematopoietic cells to sustain immune surveillance evasion, premetastatic-niche evolution, and cancer cell migration.