In fact, immunological abnormalities were more evident when we analysed PAD patients according to their clinical phenotype: patients with spleno-portal axis abnormalities, patients with isolated splenomegaly, and patients without spleno-portal abnormalities (Figure 4): lower frequencies of switched memory B cells (3.1 ± 4.2%, versus 4.6 ± 6.2 versus 7.6 ± 6.6  P = 0.04) and CD4+CD45RA+CD62L+ naïve T cells (14.8 + 12.3% versus 24.6 ± 13.4 versus 44.3 ± 19.5  P < 0.0001) and increased frequencies of CD4+ memory T cells (89.3 ± 10% versus 78.5 ± 15.7% versus 67 ± 15.7; P = 0.00003). Here, CD4 is linked to peripheral arterial disease.