INS and Insulin resistance: Although the chemokine system is thought to participate in the development of insulin resistance by sustaining adipose tissue inflammation, the CX3C chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and its cognate chemokine receptor CX3CR1 were demonstrated to regulate pancreatic β-cell insulin secretory pathway in which CX3CL1 stimulates CX3CR1 to increase insulin secretion.