CCR5 and HIV infectious disease: Preclinical studies on a therapy known as Triple-R, which combines expression of an anti-CCR5 ribozyme, anti-Tat and Rev short hairpin RNAs, and a transactivation response element decoy RNA containing a nucleolar localization tag, have indicated an effect at protecting cells from HIV-1 infection in in vitro and mouse model, but in the phase I clinical trial NCT01153646, this approach has been demonstrated negligible on HIV infection [282].