TLR3 and asthma: L. rhamnosus, besides significantly increasing Tlr3 expression and increasing the expression of Tlr9 expression (P > 0.05), significantly decreased the expression of Tlr4. Asthma patients have been shown to have low expression of TLR4 on their monocytes, lymphocytes and DCs suggesting that this reduction in TLR4 activation might contribute to the disease by reducing the release of Th1 and anti-inflammatory cytokines[54].