Pashenkov showed that expression of CCR5 was elevated on blood myeloid (CD11c+) DC in multiple sclerosis (MS) and optic neuritis patients compared to noninflammatory controls, its ligands RANTES and MIP-1beta were expressed in MS lesions, and the expression of CCR5 by myeloid DC in blood correlated with numbers of these cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which suggest that CCR5 may contribute to recruitment of myeloid DC (CD11c+) to the CSF in these patients, but recruitment of plasmacytoid DC to CSF appeared to be CCR5-independent [46]. This evidence concerns the gene ITGAX and optic neuritis.