For instance, IRAK-M was up-regulated in LPS treated macrophages or in lung epithelial cells in response to S. pneumonia[50], [55], while ETEC infection did not modify IRAK-M and Tollip expression in bovine epithelial cells, and S. typhi caused a decrease in Tollip level in dendritic cells [26], [56]. This evidence concerns the gene TOLLIP and pneumonia.